PENYAKIT kesan pencemaran air

Antara penyakit yang berjangkit melalui keracunan air minuman dan air untuk mandi adalah

1. disenteri
2. salmonela
3. cryptosporidium
4. hepatitis

ANGKARA MANUSIA!!

Persepsi tidak tepat terhadap laut menyebabkan ia menjadi tempat semua longgokan sampah dan sisa lain termasuk pembuangan minyak

MASALAH pembuangan sampah ke dalam laut sama ada akibat aktiviti yang dijalankan di kawasan marin atau di darat jika tidak ditangani segera boleh menjadi semakin serius dan berkemungkinan membawa kerosakan kepada sistem ekosistem batu karang dan laut di negara ini.

Jabatan Taman Laut, Kementerian Sumber Asli dan Alam Sekitar menjangkakan lebih banyak spesies akan mati jika isu pencemaran dan pembuangan sisa pepejal dalam laut tidak diatasi dengan segera.

Ketika ini, Malaysia mempunyai 42 peratus daripada 2,300 terumbu karang yang sihat dan 56 peratus lagi dalam kategori sederhana sihat.

Namun, kini, 20 peratus daripada 42 peratus terumbu karang yang sihat itu dicemari oleh pelbagai pencemaran seperti minyak dan sisa pepejal (pukat hanyut dan puntung rokok) yang dibuang di darat dan laut.

Persepsi tidak tepat terhadap laut juga menyebabkan ia menjadi tempat semua longgokan sampah dan sisa lain termasuk pembuangan minyak.

Dalam kes hidupan laut mati akibat pencemaran air memang banyak dilaporkan, namun dalam kes paus tersesat dan terdampar di perairan negara ini di Kampung Kuala Nenasi, Pekan baru-baru ini, jarang berlaku.

Dilaporkan ikan itu mati kerana tercekik plastik dan tali nilon tetapi ada kemungkinan ikan berkenaan sebenarnya memang sakit akibat kualiti air yang rendah berbeza dengan habitat sebenarnya.

Dr Zelina Zaiton juga menyatakan saintis percaya apabila paus sesat atau dijumpai terdampar di perairan yang bukan habitatnya menunjukkan kualiti air rendah dan pergerakan arus sudah berubah.

“Ikan paus biasanya tinggal di kawasan laut dalam dan dalam kes ini, kemungkinan ia sesat apabila arus air berubah akibat perubahan iklim dunia,” katanya.

Pensyarah Pengurusan Strategik Zon Pantai dan Maritim, Jabatan Pengurusan Alam Sekitar UPM, Laksamana Pertama (B) Prof Madya Dr Sutarji Kasmin, berkata sisa buangan enap cemar juga berisiko tinggi menyebabkan pencemaran kepada hidupan laut.

Kebiasaannya, sisa buangan enap cemar seperti minyak hitam dibuang oleh kapal dagang. Kawasan yang sering menerima akibat ini adalah laluan kapal dagang dan pelabuhan.

Di negara ini, laluan yang sering menjadi tempat pembuangan enap cemar adalah Selat Melaka kerana ia adalah laluan paling sibuk di dunia.

Mengikut maklumat Pusat Penyelaras Penguat Kuasa Maritim Kebangsaan, Bahagian Keselamatan Negara (BKN), Jabatan Perdana Menteri (JPM), sebanyak 144 kes pencemaran minyak laut dikenal pasti.

Daripada jumlah itu, 108 kes membabitkan pembuangan enap cemar dan 32 kapal didakwa di mahkamah tetapi hanya 14 saja didapati bersalah.

Difahamkan 15 pelabuhan yang ada di Malaysia menyediakan perkhidmatan kepada kapal dagangan membuang sisa minyak seperti minyak hitam, namun kos pembersihan yang dikenakan terlalu mahal yang memaksa kapal mengambil tindakan membuang sisa berkenaan di dalam laut secara haram.

Mengikut laporan Badan Penyelaras Laut Asia Timur (Cobsea), mendapati ada dua penyebab utama pembuangan sampah di laut di negara ini iaitu sisa buangan daripada kapal dan aktiviti di darat.

Pembuangan sampah daripada kapal ini berlaku akibat aktiviti yang dilakukan di laut. Selain kapal dagang dan bot menangkap ikan, pelabuhan dan loji minyak turut menyumbang kepada pencemaran dan pembuangan sisa pepejal dan cecair ke laut.

Sisa buangan daripada jeti minyak dan gas serta bahan buangan daripada kapal nelayan, bot rekreasi dan kegiatan memancing turut menyumbang kepada pembuangan sampah ke laut.

Setakat ini, Malaysia mempunyai 15 pelabuhan yang menyediakan kemudahan pembuangan sampah sarap daripada kapal yang mana sampah itu diuruskan oleh kontraktor yang dilantik mengendalikannya.

Aktiviti di daratan turut menyebabkan pencemaran laut terutama kawasan persisiran pantai atau pulau seperti Pulau Pinang dan Langkawi.

Sampah sarap daripada daratan dibawa ke laut melalui sungai dan terusan yang turut memberi kesan kemusnahan kepada pantai.

Kegiatan pelancongan dan rekreasi di sepanjang pantai peranginan menjadi antara penyumbang pembuangan sampah. Begitu juga pengurusan sampah di daratan yang tidak teratur turut menyebabkan ia mencemari laut.

Pembuangan sampah biasanya datang daripada kawasan perumahan, rekreasi, kemudahan awam, pusat komersial, kawasan industri, tempat pembuangan sampah dan aktiviti pertanian.

Maka, perlu ada amalan yang baik untuk pengurusan sampah dan cara pengendaliannya (pengumpulan, penghantaran, pengangkutan dan pengalihan, penghapusan dan penembusan sampah).

Pada masa ini, mengikut laporan itu, pengurusan sampah di Malaysia dijalankan pihak berkuasa tempatan (PBT). Kini Malaysia menyediakan Pelan Strategi Kebangsaan Pengurusan Sisa Pepejal yang mensasarkan mengurangkan sumber dan mencegah pembuangan sisa pepejal; mempelbagaikan lagi sistem pengurusan sampah menerusi kaedah kitar semula dan penggunaan semula, penukaran teknologi dan pengenalan kemudahan pembuangan sampah seperti insinerator dan sampah sebagai sumber tenaga baru.

Di Malaysia, kerja pembersihan sampah di pantai dilakukan kumpulan badan bukan kerajaan (NGO), PBT, pertubuhan berkaitan marin dan pusat peranginan pantai termasuk hotel.

Cobsea mencadangkan Malaysia meningkatkan lagi aktiviti pembersihan pantai dan meningkatkan lagi kesedaran awam kepentingan menjaga alam sekitar selain mengurus dengan baik pembuangan sisa ke laut.

Ketiadaan data lengkap mengenai tahap kebersihan dan pencemaran menyukarkan usaha mengatasi masalah pembuangan sampah di Malaysia. Namun, secara keseluruhannya warga Malaysia sudah ada kesedaran mengenai masalah pembuangan sampah melalui siri kempen pembersihan pantai dan program kesedaran yang dilakukan berterusan.

How can we stop water pollution?

There is no easy way to solve water pollution; if there were, it wouldn't be so much of a problem. Broadly speaking, there are three different things that can help to tackle the problem :

1. education
2. laws
3. economics

They can work together as a team

!

What are the effects of water pollution?

Some people believe pollution is an inescapable result of human activity: they argue that if we want to have factories, cities, ships, cars, oil, and coastal resorts, some degree of pollution is almost certain to result. In other words, pollution is a necessary evil that people must put up with if they want to make progress. Fortunately, not everyone agrees with this view. One reason people have woken up to the problem of pollution is that it brings costs of its own that undermine any economic benefits that come about by polluting.

• Take oil spills, for example. They can happen if tankers are too poorly built to survive accidents at sea. But the economic benefit of compromising on tanker quality brings an economic cost when an oil spill occurs. The oil can wash up on nearby beaches, devastate the ecosystem, and severely affect tourism. The main problem is that the people who bear the cost of the spill (typically a small coastal community) are not the people who caused the problem in the first place (the people who operate the tanker). Yet, arguably, everyone who puts gasoline (petrol) into their car—or uses almost any kind of petroleum-fueled transport—contributes to the problem in some way. So oil spills are a problem for everyone, not just people who live by the coast and tanker operates.

• Sewage is another good example of how pollution can affect us all. Sewage discharged into coastal waters can wash up on beaches and cause a health hazard. People who bathe or surf in the water can fall ill if they swallow polluted water—yet sewage can have other harmful effects too: it can poison shellfish (such as cockles and mussels) that grow near the shore. People who eat poisoned shellfish risk suffering from an acute—and sometimes fatal—illness called paralytic shellfish poisoning. Shellfish is no longer caught along many shores because it is simply too polluted with sewage or toxic chemical wastes that have discharged from the land nearby.

• Pollution matters because it harms the environment on which people depend. The environment is not something distant and separate from our lives. It's not a pretty shoreline hundreds of miles from our homes or a wilderness landscape that we see only on TV. The environment is everything that surrounds us that gives us life and health. Destroying the environment ultimately reduces the quality of our own lives—and that, most selfishly, is why pollution should matter to all of us.

What are the causes of water pollution?

1. nutrients
2. waste water
3. chemical waste
4. radioactive waste
5. oil pollution
6. plastics
7. sewage
8. alien species

How do we know when water is polluted?

Some forms of water pollution are very obvious: everyone has seen TV news footage of oil slicks filmed from helicopters flying overhead. Water pollution is usually less obvious and much harder to detect than this. But how can we measure water pollution when we cannot see it? How do we even know it's there?

There are two main ways of measuring the quality of water. One is to take samples of the water and measure the concentrations of different chemicals that it contains. If the chemicals are dangerous or the concentrations are too great, we can regard the water as polluted. Measurements like this are known as chemical indicators of water quality. Another way to measure water quality involves examining the fish, insects, and other invertebrates that the water will support. If many different types of creatures can live in a river, the quality is likely to be very good; if the river supports no fish life at all, the quality is obviously much poorer. Measurements like this are called biological indicators of water quality.

Toxic Subtance

Toxic Substance -- A toxic substance is a chemical pollutant that is not a naturally occurring substance in aquatic ecosystems. The greatest contributors to toxic pollution are herbicides, pesticides and industrial compounds.

Industries and even small businesses in your community probably use many different types of chemicals that can cause short-term (acute) and long-term (chronic) adverse health effects to workers and to the surrounding community if used improperly. These chemicals will be referred to as "toxic substances."

Toxic substances may be used by a wide variety of different types of industries or small businesses. They can be used to manufacture paper, fertilizers, chemicals, drugs, textiles, dyes, paints, plastics, and many other products. Toxic substances are often used and managed in a responsible and safe manner. Many toxic substances are even incorporated into products that consumers buy.

Water Pollution?

Waste entering water channel

When toxic substances enter lakes, streams, rivers, oceans and other water bodies, they get dissolved or lie suspended in water or get deposited on the bed. this results in the pollution of water whereby the quality of the water deteriorates, affecting aguatic ecosystems. Pollutants can also seep down and affect the groundwater deposits.

Oil pollution